Oligopoly Problems

Oligopoly Problems (Note that second page has some partial answers so that you can check yourself. I think these are correct, but I did it quickly. So I will offer one bonus point per mistake for the first person who finds the mistake in my answers with a maximum of 3 points per student. ): 1) Demand is given by P=100-Q/2. Two firms compete according to the Cournot model and each has TC=10q. What profit does each firm earn?How would your answer change if the second firm observed the first firm’s decision (this is the Stackleberg problem)? 2) Demand is given by P=80-2Q. There are three identical firms each with TC=10. Find the profit of a firm if they each pick quantity simultaneously (Cournot). Find the Profit of a firm if the each pick price simultaneously (Bertrand). 3) Suppose there are n firms that compete according to the Cournot model and that each has MC = C. If demand is given by P=A-BQ, what profits will a firm earn?What would a cartel do? 4) Factory 1 has TC=20q +10 and Factory 2 has TC=10q. If both factories are operated by rivals who compete according to the Cournot model, what profits would each earn assuming that demand is given by P=180-Q? If this was one firm (a cartel) what would it do (hint: if the one firm decided to operate both factories it would want MC to be the same at both locations or else it could increase profits my shifting where it produced)? 5) Firm 1’s demand is given by P=49-q1+0. 5q2 and Firm 2’s demand is given by P=49-q2+0. 25q1. If TC=q2 +5 for each, what profit will each firm earn? What kinds of goods are the two firm’s selling? 1) q1=60 and q2=60 for Cournot while q1=90 and q2 = 45 for Stackleberg. 2) Under Cournot, q1= q2 = q3 =10. Under Bertrand, the firms will push price down to 0. 3) Each firm will produce q = (A-C)/[B(n+1)] under the Cournot solution. 4) In the competitive situation, q1=50 and q2= 60. 5) Each firm would make q=13. 07.

Great Gatsby Reading Response Essay

Characterization: Simply put, indirect characterization is the author’s way of giving the reader clues as to how a character is really like. Such clues may be describing how the character dresses, letting the reader hear what the character says, or revealing the character’s private thoughts. Example: â€Å"Gatsby, his hands still in his pockets, was reclining against the mantelpiece in a strained counterfeit of perfect ease, even of boredom† (The Great Gatsby, 86). Function: The nervous appearance of Gatsby as he meets Daisy suggests a different side to Gatsby’s personality. This meeting with Daisy, which takes place at Nick’s house, gives one a closer look as to how Gatsby can seem like a different person altogether. Gatsby’s surprisingly timid nature even disables him to directly ask Nick to invite Daisy for tea. Gatsby, usually sophisticated and composed, is in distress as he tries to mimic a pose of â€Å"perfect ease† when he tries to talk with Daisy (86). Gatsby’s awkward character directly involves Nick as he turns to him for help in reuniting him with his love. The author characterizes Gatsby differently from Nick’s first impression to show the reader the sincere love he feels for Daisy. Similar to how a man in love can be sheepish and disheveled, Gatsby is clearly characterized as a typical man who fell in love through his failed attempts at being calm in Daisy’s presence. His appearance at the beginning of the novel differs from the true feelings he hides deep inside. This complete change of character with Gatsby emphasizes the climax of the novel, which is when Gatsby and Daisy finally meet. All of Gatsby’s actions, including his parties, were done with Daisy in mind. In relation with the change of pace in the novel as the novel switches from Gatsby’s mysterious nature to a complete revelation of Gatsby’s inner workings, the plot of the story changes to include Gatsby’s course of action in the hopes of reviving his past with Daisy.

What are the implications for social policy in an age of austerity Essay

What are the implications for social policy in an age of austerity - Essay Example All these measures, eventually, have an impact on the socio-economic environment. Social policy has been identified as the need to alter the social order by trying to modify the market forces in place, and redistributing some of the resources an economy possesses (Krugman 2012). This paper will examine some of the implications, and how governments are handling the situations in their countries. Governments around the world are looking out for the interests of their nations by implementing some of these measures. However, many economists believe that these strategies and policies might damage the social environment, in the long run. The future of economies, around the world, is at the mercy of these policies and strategies (Kilkey, Ramia & Farnsworth 2012). The austerity policies might be reducing the deficit budgets that these economies have suffered. However, many folks believe that, the scarring effects in the many regions where these cuts occur will be much worse (Pierson 2001). This is the problem with looking at the situation for the short term period the economies are facing (Exadaktylos & Zahariadis 2012). Britain is a perfect example of a nation that is experiencing these policies. Greece is known to owe Germany a tremendous debt, and is also implementing these strategies. These strategies come with a number of implications in the manner and way of life of individuals in these regions (Pierson 2001). One of the ways folks may be affected is through the medical care they receive. The governments in many regions, especially first world countries, offer their citizens universal medical cover. The quality of this insurance cover may reduce, thus; prove a daunting task to acquire the most basic medical attention (Kilkey, Ramia & Farnsworth 2012). In many areas, this may not be a problem. However, in countries where a majority of individuals are living below the poverty line, medical attention

Your report will apply a theoretical framework used in the study of Essay

Your report will apply a theoretical framework used in the study of organizational culture (e.g. those developed by Schein, Hofs - Essay Example One of the most common definition that most of the researchers and authors have agreed upon defines organizational culture as a mixture of norms, values, beliefs, attitude and behavior that guides an individual working in the organization to be disciplined and organized in order to promote safer and healthier working environment. It has been witnessed that the concept of organizational culture that was once seen as â€Å"how things are to be done in an organization† (Drennan, 1992) have significantly evolved with the passage of time. In order to evaluate the changes in organizational culture, Apple would be taken as an example to analyze the concept of organizational culture. The aim of this assignment would be to evaluate the organizational culture of Apple Inc., and to do so, Hofstede’s theory regarding organizational culture would be taken as the primary theorotical framework. Furthermore, a brief argument would also be provided regarding the selection of Hofstedeâ⠂¬â„¢s theory on organizational culture rather than theories provided by other prominent researchers (i.e. Schein, Weick, Handy/Harrison or Duffy) followed by analysis of the organizational culture under the light of theory proposed by Hofstede.... ound $3.30 but with the passage of time and with the changes made in the organizational culture, the organization was able to enhance its share price to $339.87 in 2011. For the customers, the brand Apple represents prestige, quality, innovation and creativity. Due to its vast range of products, the organization is reported to be worth $153 billion, making Apple the most successful and valuable brand in the corporate world. Due to such prestige and respect in the market, it has been constantly reported that many organizations are consistently trying to copy business model incorporated by Apple but none of such organizations were able to discover the factors that made the organization so special in the market. Many believe that Apple’s success lies in its corporate culture that embraces enthusiasm and innovation which provides the organization with an ability to satisfy the needs and wants of the customers in the market through its constantly evolving and technologically advanc ed products. The combination of such qualities has constantly provided the organization with an opportunity to revolutionize the technology as well as the retail industries. Being such a technologically advanced company, it has been observed that Apple was named as the most admired company in United States in 2008 by Fortune Magazine. In addition, the company was also named as the most successful organization in the world from 2008-2012 by Fortune Magazines. Apple’s Corporate Environment The working environment for the employees at Apple is harder than hard. This means that the employees are constantly pushed to exceed their potential limits. As indicated by several reports, Apple’s corporate culture is just too ruthless making it a piece of mystery for the corporate world. The foundation

Reading Reponses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reading Reponses - Essay Example The landscapes that these buildings are erected upon are not static because natural compositions cause their constant change. Stan gives a description of the nature of this change as he suggests that living bodies usually have faster changing trends. Architecture completes the link between biological and geological composition of elements as it finds a basis of existence. Architecture has evolved to the form that looks at the landscape the structure is erected on, known as the horizontal. Stan tells that technology has been improved to consider the design layout from the horizontal perspective incorporating it with the traditional vertical design, where architects like Gehry only dwelled on the appearance of the structure. The desire for the architects to dwell on the horizontal bodies, and less on the vertical has been included in examples that depict landscape design and Stan gives an example in the Yokohama port. Landscape urbanism is given as an example of landscape architecture that has been implemented on empty spaces, and developed during 1990s when architects desired means to manipulate the surface. Before any structure is erected as an architectural form, a landscape needs to be considered as its constituent. Stan, therefore, suggests that a brilliant architectural design is one that considers the landscape as part of its overall structural design and not a separate entity. This structure is suggested to be unique due to its integration with the natural components considering the landscape design. Van Eyck tells of the relationship to that of the leaves of a tree to their origin. The design of the college is unique as it spreads the design from its repetitive features that are projected to the college rooms. The use of geometrical shapes in the forms of a circle to trapezoidal composition gives it an outstanding contrast in layout,

Report-Analyse Case Suty McDonalds Corp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Report-Analyse Case Suty McDonalds Corp - Essay Example Proper segmentation, product targeting and positioning are important. McDonalds also needs to be selective in their franchisee selection as it should not disturb the existing franchisees in the region. Customer-oriented approach is essential in the fast food industry. Mass marketing techniques and standardization are no more applicable. Local adaptation is now essential to fight competition. All these indicate that McDonalds need to redefine their marketing strategy. McDonalds, that had once changed the way a nation ate and provided jobs to millions, is now reeling under difficult times. They lag behind in service and quality and despite bringing about changes in their food offers they have met with little success. The main issue is the unpopularity that has developed towards the McDonalds burgers. This has given rise to franchisee relations, downward sales and profits which ultimately are leading to closure of many units across countries. Product diversification without focus, lack of strategic direction and marketing strategies along with the top-down manner in which they dictate the franchisees is responsible for the stunted growth of the company. Attempts to create price war have yielded negative results. The profit margins of the franchisees have reduced between 2-4% against the 15% they enjoyed earlier. The retired CEO has been brought back along with two experienced executives to assist him but there are no signs of recovery. About 30-40% fewer outlets are being added to the chain each year while many close down every month. McDonalds need to realize that their marketing and franchising strategies have to be altered to suit the changed market environment and the ever-changing consumer needs. Kara, Kaynak and Kucukemiroglu (1997) contend that fast-food marketing strategies should have a sound understanding of consumers’ perceptions of and preferences for fast-food outlets and how they differ across cultures/countries. It was assumed in

Answering 8 questions on Marketing 301 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answering 8 questions on Marketing 301 - Essay Example The basis for market segmentation is a factor that is consistent to a particular market segment. Consumer market segmentation is done on Geographic, Demographic, Psychographic, and Behavioural basis. On the other hand, Business market segmentation is done on Location, customer type and Buyer Behaviour. Q2/Ans. Production differentiation is simply an effort by firms to differentiate their products from competitors' products or their own product line. It is done to attract particular segment of market. It is a mean to highlight the differentiated aspect of your product to create its value in the eyes of customers. It is a source of competitive advantage to firms and thus helps them generate higher revenues. It works in close connection to market segmentation since with segmentation, firms identify the market segment, which they want to cater with their products, and then with product differentiation, they attract that particular market segment to the offer they have developed for them. Q3/Ans. Consumer goods are goods that are utilized directly by consumers to satisfy their needs while business goods are those goods, which are used by manufacturing, or service-providing firms to use in their value chain to produce final goods or services to the consumers. One of the many examples of consumer goods can be potato chips that are consumed directly by consumers. ... Q4/Ans. New product process is the process of offering a new product to the market. The whole starts of with Idea generation. A new product idea can be obtained from consumers, competitors, sales people, company's R&D and many other sources. Then comes the idea screening process in which unsound concepts are screened out to cater only the ideas that are feasible. Three questions are answered during the process. Will the consumer benefit from the idea Will it be profitable Will be feasible technically to work on that idea Then the process of concept developing and testing comes where the whole product mix shapes up. Then business variables are decided. For example, what will be the selling price What will be the volume of production and what will be the breakeven point Then a prototype is made and is test marketed. The technical implementation is carried out on the idea with further commercialization to promote the resulting product or service among the target market. Q5/Ans. The retailing mix constitutes of 6 Ps as compared to 4 Ps of marketing mix and they are: Product, Price, Place, Promotion, personnel and presentation. Product means what benefit firm wants to give its consumers from the product or what will be the functionality of the product. Price tells at what price the product will be sold. Place tells what will be the mode and geography of distribution of product. Promotion tells what will be the technique (advertising, public relation, sales promotion) used to promote the product. Personnel plays the key role in promotion and the presentation describes what will be the aesthetics of promotion to attract customers. Q6/Ans. A Retail life cycle

Critical Analysis of International Negotiation between Israel and Gaza Essay

Critical Analysis of International Negotiation between Israel and Gaza in 2008-2009 - Essay Example It has been reported that they Qassam rockets have been launched over Israel over three thousand times in 2008. However, principle leaders of Hamas have been enraged by the continuing blockades which Israel have maintained and the lack of any significant political movement made by the agreement from June to December, therefore increased the number of rockets launched over Israel yet again. In response Israel instigated a counter-attack against Hamas, with a combination of air attack and naval attack on the Gaza Strip, ending with more than three hundred and fifty people dead, almost fifteen hundred injured and many buildings ruined. In further retaliation, Hamas leader declared that they would increase the amount of rockets launched, and send into Israel more suicide bombers (Taylor, 2008). On the 27th December air attacks over the Gaza Stripe, initiated by the Israel Defence Forces (IDF), found target with over forty hits on Hamas headquarters, buildings and stores. This was the dea dliest day in the sixty years that this war has been raging between Israel and Palestine. These events ignited protests in and around both these countries (Global Voices, 2008). Since the attack on 27th December by Hamas who broke the cease-fire by launching Qassam rockets over their territory, Israel have stated that they then had no alternative but to fight back by declaring hostilities on Gaza in retaliation. The Foreign Minister, Tzipi Livni, stated that they had attempted all they could in order to halt an offensive attack (Niva, 2009). Niva (2009) however, argues that these sentiments are extensively in opposition with the reality that Israel’s political, and also military leadership took several forceful moves throughout the cease-fire which made worse the crisis with Hamas, and may have even motivated Hamas to generate an excuse for the attack. Therefore, Niva (2009) believes that the current war that is now raging at the beginning of 2009, between

Importance of Partnerships Essay Example for Free

Importance of Partnerships Essay The term partnership entails the joining of two entities or corporations of people or organizations with the unique intention of achieving much better results of the intended goals through combination of effort and other related resources. Indeed the general perception of partnership has evolved as a very central theme in the field of policy making since other fields such as social care, health matters, environment, urban generals, fighting and combating crime and terrorism, performing criminal activities and biotechnology continues to embrace partnership (Ling 2002, pp. 615-642). Partnership is also highlighted in the modernization of the various social services in Europe and in other parts of the world (Miller Ahmad 2000). Various issues relate to the concept of partnership. The diversity in the nature of partnerships being formed all over the world requires special attention to be accorded to a number of central issues in the partnership relationships. The major advantages of forming partnership, the challenges that relate to this kind of relationship and the best way in which the partnerships would best be dissolved have been addressed in this paper. However, the continued lack of a definite definition of partnership has made it have a lot of ambiguity in a number of sectors. According to Nicolus (2003), such an approach is mainly with reference to the relationship that should be natured in such a relationship (Miller Ahmad 2000; Solidarity with the Women, 1990). Partnership and Mother Care Due to the complex nature of partnerships, the relationship between partners and that of the child and the mother is best done to define the term and to ensure utmost relationship between the partners best understood to fully suit the market need in business and other spheres of life. The nature and history of early partnership help understand a number of issues that relate to the relationship between the partners. This is indeed best explained by the concept of the Early Years of Development and the various existing Child Car Partnerships in the world (EYDCP). These critically help to analyze the actual partnerships that are in actual existence (Powell 2009). The inadequate concepts developed on the working of the partnerships and the arguments on whether or not EYDCPs actually work and the overall meaning raises a number of concerns. The origin of partnership is not necessary based on the business conceptualizations that target to ensure efficient and effective utilization of resources. However, the need to win wars based either on countries, similar interest or to increase territorial boundaries and powers made the need to corporate and work in groups inevitable. Partnership is therefore not a criticism for differentiation (Maddock 2000). It is engraved in the response for fragmentation recognizes the differentiation and lack of compensation based on well understood relationship structures. The potentiality of the collaborators partners in a relationship assumes a natural perspective. In the mother – child relationship, it is almost automatic that the two depend on one another for a number of things which need to be satisfied if the relationship has to grow and become much stronger with time. Initially, one of the partners says the mother mainly benefits the child through breast feeding and offering security (McLaughlin 2008, pp. 82-101). However, as time progresses, the relationship become mutual and the child starts benefiting the mother through the assistance in performing various tasks. In a partnership, it is therefore very evident that knowledge, ideas and other necessary resources are exchanged based on the mutual agreement that may also be based on the pre-set rules and regulations. Partnerships offer partners the desired chance to influence one another and where possibly behave in as if they were one entity. The behaviors are in normally in ways in which the actions can if possible become more aligned thus allowing partners to fully or partially attain their own goals and those of the partnership in the most economical and cost effective manner. EYDCPs could therefore be described as a compulsory partnership based on the nature of its operation and structure of distribution of powers and other resources. In the research carried out on EYDCP nature of operation and other related matters, it is evident that the local authority education system staff had the view that its inactive and dormant members should be disqualified from the partnership (Ling 2002; Lossky Stransky 2002). This explains the fact that even from the traditional strategic cooperation point of view, the need to maintain constant consultation, sharing of information and other resources is very fundamental in any form of partnership all over the world. If that does not happen, then the continuity of the relationship becomes either technically possible or redundant hence the need to terminate the relationship. It is evident that traditionally, some partnerships have been purely based on the resolution of conflicts and ensuring that peace, stability and cohesiveness thrives. In some partnership relationships, the whole partnership is normally about various conflicts of interest, regarding the partner’s who gets the money first, who bears largest losses and the manner in which authority is controlled. Partnership Definition and Its Nature The nature of partnership carried out depends on a number of factors. Partnership is the union of people or business entities with an intention of performing certain tasks and achieving certain designed tasks within a given time frame using certain amount of resources. The control of funding of the partnership and the overall control of partnership relationships depends on the manner in which the partnership can be exploited. The major requirements for partnership membership, its core target s, nature of control and ensuring setting up and enhancing monitoring various bodies delegated with the duty to do so is very fundamental (Ling 2000). In organizations which are supported by cash resources, a lot of strict regulations and constant adherence to the regulations is of paramount importance. In the modern partnership relationships, voluntary organizations may even be co-opted and the boundaries between voluntary and statutory activity become redrawn in line with government direction. Partnership working is one way in which the state normally retains and in some way its power over other sectors including the voluntary sector. Partnership Relationships in Reference to Relationship of Dealing with Children Children deserve to be given a lot of attention when dealing with. A lot of caution in terms of the tone used when talking to them, the manner in which their problems are solved and the general cool friendly attention they should be accorded is important. This is however a true reflection of how most partnership relationships should be carried out (Gatrell 2002). Listening to children and adequately addressing their issues prepare them for their future lives in which they become better placed to corporate with other people in their future lives. Indeed listening to children also produce better decisions are their various stages of life (Kilm 1997). Even though evidence to prove this argument is very limited in most life sources, it can be argued that habits developed in the early stages of life normally result into the molding of the final products o the mature being with good virtues thus being able to fully adhere to the societal norms. It is generally accepted in life that decisions normally best used by people based on the general knowledge and opinions of those affected and the environment in which they live in. In some instances, the requirements for children also reflect the needs of the partnership in a partnership set-up (Glendinning Rummery 2008, pp. 133-137; Joseph Phillips 2001). This explains the reason why in some partnerships, there are always very strong assumptions made in reference to children; that young people’s views cannot easily be ascertained independently with total disregard of their adults who in most cases are better placed to understand better a number of issues. The healthy being of children and poverty and the social exclusion of children also determine the manner in which children would grow to become responsive potential partners. It is so far evident that even though the outward nature of partnerships is commonly viewed positively, partnership has a lot of downfall which need a lot of attention when initiating the partnership plans. The British government has a clear understanding of the various partnership needs. According to the department of education and employment (1999) the recent policy developments have also put a frame to the definition of partnership with great reference to the attainment of the set goals rather than the general processes followed in formulating the partnership agreements and working procedures. This is also in reference to the modalities of partnership working which should be very clear and easily understood by all partners (Edmund 2007; Gatrell 2002). Areas Where Partnership is Very Crucial The practice of partnership is very crucial in a number of sectors. This practice, even though very important in a number of areas, has proved to be more fundamental in some fields than in others (Denzin 2003). This could be in corporation with from various sectors. The continued needs for corporation in a number of fields elicit the need for adequate analysis in determining the conditions necessary for the partnership. Partnership success is charged in various organizations by the ability of attaining certain set goals. In different organizations, the total outcome and profitability value, collaboration nature, the social and health care programs is very crucial in the success of partnerships. Hospitals and other health sectors are one of the areas in life where partnership is of great importance. In the health care, provision of some medical services is very expensive and some medical units are not better placed to offer certain services. Recruitment and employment of medical staff on a permanent basis is also sometime very costly. Surgeons for instance are also very expensive to employ on a permanent basis. This calls for the need to partner with other medical services and hospitals so as to hire these personnel when need arises (Craig Taylor 2002). Denzin (1998) believes that a partnership is very fundamental, sensitive and thus the need to keep a close watch on the issues related to the relationships. Research in the medical field on the medication of some diseases is normally carried out in partnership with other medical organizations in order to ensure faster discovery of the medical treatment for certain diseases. Hospitals that venture in the provision of sensitive services and medical-care require that partnership be enhanced. This ensures sharing of sensitive information and research results. The partnership that enhances the general reduction of operational costs in the health sector that resulting in the overall reduction of the cost of medical services. Moreover, banking industry, security departments and most transport sectors such as airlines participate in partnerships (Clarke Glendinning 2002). The partnerships, like in the medical industry, ensures that sensitive yet very vital information is exchanged to also to man and adequately address challenges related to their sector.

How to Introduce a Speaker Essay Example for Free

How to Introduce a Speaker Essay Speech introductions are often an afterthought, hastily thrown together at the last second by someone with little knowledge of the speaker, their speech, or the value for the audience. And yet, speech introductions are critical to the success of a speech. While a strong speech opening is vital, nothing helps establish a speaker’s credibility more than a carefully-crafted and well-delivered introduction. This article gives you a series of practical tips for how to introduce a speaker to position them with the best possible chance to succeed. 1. Answer three core questions. When you are introducing a speaker, your primary goal is to prepare the audience and get them excited for what they are about to hear. To do this, you must answer these three core questions: * What is the topic? * Why is this topic important for this audience? * Why is the speaker qualified to deliver this talk? By addressing these three questions, you’ve given the audience a motivation for listening (the topic is important to them), and you’ve reinforced the speaker’s credibility. 2. Prepare and practice adequately. â€Å"While a strong speech opening is vital, nothing helps establish a speaker’s credibility more than a carefully-crafted and well-delivered introduction.† At all costs, avoid thoughts such as â€Å"Oh, I don’t need to prepare†¦ I’m just introducing a speaker.† Thoughts like that lead to stumbling, bumbling, off-the-cuff introductions which undermine your credibility and the credibility of the speaker. You should write out (and edit) the full introduction, check it with the speaker, and practice it several times. 3. Memorize it, or minimize your notes. Try to memorize the introduction; speaking without notes will add to your authority, and the audience will put more weight in your recommendation (that is, to listen to this speaker). If you are unable to memorize the entire introduction, then use as few notes as you can. Be sure you can you deliver the last sentence of your introduction without notes as this will maximize momentum for the speaker. 4. be positive and enthusiastic. The audience takes cues from you. If you seem disinterested, they will be disinterested. If you are (genuinely) positive and enthusiastic, they will be too. Your choice of words, voice, gestures, and facial expressions should all convey enthusiasm. So, how do you ensure you are enthusiastic? 5. Get to know the speaker. It is difficult to get the audience excited about the speaker if you aren’t excited yourself. If the speaker is previously unknown to you — for example, suppose you’ve volunteered to introduce speakers at a large industry event — your introduction may lack sincerity. So, get to know the speaker. Google them. Talk with them. Ask others about them. Research the speaker and their expertise until you are excited by the opportunity to introduce them. 6. Eliminate mispronunciations. A sure way to weaken your own credibility and that of the speaker is to mispronounce their name, the title of their presentation, or any other key terms. Luckily, this is easily avoided through practice and by confirming the correct pronunciation with the speaker well before the presentation. (Don’t wait until you are delivering the introduction to ask them — this looks amateurish.) â€Å"A sure way to undermine your own credibility and that of the speaker is to mispronounce their name, the title of their presentation, or any other key terms.† 7. be accurate. Being accurate is as important as correct pronunciation, perhaps more so. Make sure you know the precise years, facts, or details. If you make factual errors, many speakers will feel an irresistible compulsion to correct you. This is a lousy way for them to begin their speech, and will almost certainly kill their momentum. 8. Don’t alter the speech title. Many speakers craft their presentation title very carefully, and the words matter to them. The title may be a phrase they want the audience to remember, it may reflect language used on accompanying slides, or it may be a humorous play on words. Don’t change it under any circumstances. (And, of course, know how to pronounce it.) 9. Should you attempt humor? In most circumstances, no. Your objective is to get the audience excited about the topic and the speaker, and this is not the time to tell humorous anecdotes about the speaker. Save those for a roast! There are exceptions (as there are to all public speaking advice), and you’ll have to use your judgment. If this speech is part of a longer event, and the preceding talk has been particularly sad or low on energy, then it may help to lift the spirits of the audience. If you need to do this, do it early in your introduction, and then move on to the more thought-provoking content leading to your climax. 10. Don’t give an outline of the speech. I was once introduced by someone who had seen a longer presentation I gave on the same topic two years prior. Not only did they ignore the introduction I had written for them, but they gave a detailed outline of my whole talk, including which parts were their favorites! Unfortunately, my outline had changed substantially, and they had created unreasonable expectations and sabotaged my talk. Avoid undermining the speaker by giving too many details about the speech, telling anecdotes from their speech, or making promises about details in their presentation. It is the speaker’s job to decide how and when they reveal their outline. Keep your introduction at a high level, unless they have specifically asked you to do otherwise. 11. Stick to relevant expertise of the speaker. One very common mistake is to recite a lengthy list of biographical details (education, awards, former job titles, publications, etc.) which may or may not be relevant to the topic being presented. This is especially common at academic conferences. For example, avoid introductions such as: Our speaker grew up in Seattle and graduated at the top of her mechanical engineering class at Carnegie Mellon University. She went on to earn a Master’s Degree from Duke University, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Harvard. She is a member of the Automotive Engineers Association, and a two-time recipient of the Stone Award for Distinguished Linguistics Research. She was previously the Director of Research at Hasbro, and is currently the CEO for the Miami Dolphins. Her talk today is entitled â€Å"How to Dougie.† A much better introduction would touch on how many years the speaker had Dougying whether she had been trained or self-taught, and that she had written a book on this topic. Okay, maybe that example was a bit extreme. But, even if the speaker has a lengthy list of biographical details that are related to her talk, there’s no need to recite them all. Pick a small number (about three) that are most relevant — usually the most recent details. Why not give all the details? 12. Don’t overdo it. Long introductions filled with biographical details are bad for two main reasons: * Long introductions are boring. Nobody attends an event to listen to the introducer go on and on. * Long introductions are pompous. Reciting dozens of professional accolades gives the impression that the speaker cares only about himself and his ego. Keep your introduction just long enough to accomplish your goals: [1] what’s the topic, [2] why does it matter, and [3] why is the speaker credible? â€Å"Keep your introduction just long enough to accomplish your goals: [1] what’s the topic, [2] why does it matter, and [3] why is the speaker credible?† I’m a big fan of short introductions in just about all situations. Sixty or ninety seconds is usually ample time. For really long presentations, (e.g. keynote addresses lasting an hour or more) two or three minutes may be warranted. 13. Avoid clichà ©s. How many times have you heard: â€Å"This speaker needs no introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ? While the speaker may indeed be well-known to the audience, nearly every speech benefits from a brief introduction. 14. Avoid exaggerated hype. Your introduction should get the audience excited about the presentation, but don’t take it too far. For example, it is reasonable to claim that the presentation will help the audience solve a business problem, save time, or understand the complexities of tax policy. But, it doesn’t help anyone to claim that â€Å"this presentation will solve all your problemsâ€Å", or that it is â€Å"the best presentation you’ll ever hearâ€Å", or even that â€Å"you’ll be amazed by what you are about to hearâ€Å". Proud expectations will actually have a detrimental effect, because the audience will feel challenged to prove you wrong. 15. Build to a climax. Your vocal delivery (strength and volume) should build toward the end of your introduction. (Keep it reasonable†¦ there’s no need to yell.) By doing so, the audience will be compelled to welcome the speaker with loud applause. One effective way to do this is to end with the speaker’s name and explicitly encourage applause: Ladies and gentlemen, please join me in welcoming our guest speaker, Baby Girl! 16. Ensure a smooth transition. Know where the speaker will be as you speak your last words so that you can turn in that direction to greet them. Etiquette dictates that you should wait for them to come to you (e.g. on the stage, or at the lectern) and then shake hands before you leave. Shaking hands is a symbolic gesture that indicates you are â€Å"handing the floor† to them. Occasionally, the speaker may have a special entrance planned. (e.g. entrance music, a staged stunt, something with a prop) Make sure you ask the speaker about this, and do whatever you can to support them in a successful entrance. How to Introduce a Speaker: 16 Essential Tips for Success Preparing an Oral Report Follow these steps to put together and deliver a first-rate presentation. Step 1. Research the Facts Gather information about the subject of your oral report. List the facts and interesting information from your reading, taking notes accurately. Remember that relevant details and vivid descriptions will make your oral report more interesting, as will visual aids such as maps, charts, and pictures. Step 2. Organize Your Information Organize your oral report in three parts. †¢ Introduction How will you introduce your report? What will be your first line? Write a short introduction that briefly explains what your report will cover. †¢ Body Organize the main points of your report. They should follow a logical order. Be sure that: all your information is accurate; you have included information from your research to support your main points; you use details and descriptive sentences to make your report interesting. †¢ Conclusion Write a short conclusion. You can use the conclusion to: wrap up and restate your main points; draw upon your main points to formulate a personal opinion concerning the topic of your report. Step 3. Practice Giving the Oral Report Practice presenting your oral report with a friend or family member. If no one is available, try practicing in front of a mirror. Keep the following points in mind when you give your report. †¢ Hold your body upright and face your audience. †¢ Speak clearly and deliberately—you want everyone to hear what you have learned. †¢ Refer to your notes only when necessary. Step 4. Make A Final Copy of Your Report Notes Use your notes to make a final outline of your report and put it on one index card or half-sheet of paper. Try to use this card alone when giving your report. Refer to the rest of your notes only if absolutely necessary. http://go.hrw.com/resources/go_ss/teacher99/toolkit/TOOLKT19.pdf

Breast Cancer And Breast Self Examination

Breast Cancer And Breast Self Examination Breast cancer is a major killer disease of women both globally and regionally. It is the most common cancer among women, and the second cause of deaths among women worldwide (World Health Organization WHO, 2010). The incidence of breast cancer in women remains high. It is estimated that 1,000,000 women develops breast cancer each year and Approximately 519,000 women deaths are related to breast cancer (WHO, 2010; McPherson, Steel, Dixon, 2000). According to Manning-Walsh (2004) breast cancer incidence has increased and it is alarming for women affecting all ages. As a result, interpersonal relationships such as marital or sexual relationship are negatively affected. Stephen (2009) described breast cancer as a malignant (cancerous) growth that begins in the tissues of the breast, cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way (p.1). Moreover there is no known cause for breast cancer but there are risk factors that are closely linked to development and progres sion of breast cancer. Breast cancer is classified into four stages. According to The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) revise the four stages are based on tumor size, the degree of lymph node involvement, the presence of inflammatory signs, and evidence of metastasis (Singletary at el. 2002). Stage (I) breast cancer involves primarily small tumors (less than or equal to 2 cm) with no known lymph node involvement and no metastases to other organs, in Egypt few women present at this stage. stage (II) breast cancers are characterized by either slightly larger primary tumor than stage (I) (between 2 and 5 cm) or if there is lymph node involvement. stage (III) consists of large tumors (greater than 5 cm) with signs of inflammatory breast cancer, also if ipsilateral nodes are involved where the tumor has caused the node to be fixed to another node or to other structures it is designated stage (III), high percent of women present in this stage which treatment option are limited. S tage 4 means any metastatic breast cancer no matter what size the tumor or if there is nodal involvement or not. If it is metastatic, it is stage (IV), in general stage (IV) is not considered curable (Singletary at el. 2002). The occurrence of breast cancer creates psychosocial stress for both the patient and her family, due to threat to the patients life and other consequences of breast cancer such as metastasis to other body organs and parts. In addition studies have shown that middle aged women (40-60) are most likely to develop breast cancer, and most patients with breast cancer present for the first time at stages two and three (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006). Breast cancer has high incidence among women during productive period and has effect on financial as breast cancer treatment is very costly. Breast cancer account for 37% of all types of cancer globally, moreover incidence of breast cancer varies from one country to another (WHO, 2010). In United State of America (USA) around 20 women will develop breast cancer each hour, moreover and around 5 women will die with breast cancer each hour (Lancaster, 2005). Studies have established that the rate of breast cancer is highest in USA and Canada, one out of nine women are expected to develop breast cancer and it is most common among women age 47-73 years old, leading to epidemic proportions in USA and Canada (McPherson, Steel Dixon, 2000; George, 2000; Naeem at el., 2008). 182,460 cases developed breast cancer in USA in 2008 (Jemal at el., 2008). Regional Overview Breast cancer incidence in developing country is high almost as high as in developed countries. One out of nine Pakistani women are expected to developed breast cancer (50 per 100,000), which is high compared to Indian women (19 per 100,000) (Kumar, Imam, Manzoor, Masood, 2009). In Iran, one of the Arabic Country, in 2005 prevalence of breast cancer among women was (22 per 100,000) (Tavafian, Hasani, Aghamolaei, Zareand, Gregory, 2009). Breast cancer is a major health alarms for many countries in the Mediterranean Region such as Bahrain represents 38.4% of all female cancers and in Jordan its represents 28% of all female cancers (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006; Center for Arab Genomic Studies, 2003). Likewise, breast cancer is the most common cancer among Egyptian women. According to the Egypt National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Egypt, breast cancer represents 18.9% of all cancers cases (35.1% in women and 2.2 % in men) (Omar, et al. 2003). Incidence of breast cancer is not different comparing with other countries which represented (24 per100, 000) and mortality rate related to breast cancer is 9.3% of all cancers (Seif, Aziz, 2000). According to Khatib and Modjtabai (2006) Egyptian women under the age of 50 are more likely to develop breast cancer, where women aged 50 years and older are the most commonly affected group. In Egypt breast cancer is usually detected at late stages (around 60% of cases detected in third stage of breast cancer), when treatment options are limited therefore breast cancer is high fetal (Bender et al. 2005; Ibrahim at el., 2010). In Aswan, breast cancer is most frequent cancer among both males and females (Ibrahim at el. 2010). Moreover it is presents 63.9% of all cancer cases among Aswan females, and most women aged (40-59) are the most commonly affected group. According to Ibrahim at el. (2010) after the age of 20 years, breast cancer became the most frequent cancer with a peak in the age group 40-59 years (p.72). In addition most cases are diagnosed in late stages only 3.1% cases are diagnosed in first stage, on the other hand around 96.2% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in second and third stage when treatment options are limited making breast cancer is high fetal. As a result it is important to understand Aswan females experience about breast self examination and early detection of breast cancer. Moreover the high incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer, as well as the high cost of treatment and limited resources available, require that it should continue to be a focus of attention for health care providers. The benefits of fighting breast cancer, including the positive impact that early detection and screening can have, need to be carefully addressed. Early detection The early detection of breast cancer is the most important and beneficial area of protection techniques. Diagnosis of breast cancer during the early stages of disease has been positively linked to a decrease in the mortality and morbidity of the illness (Budden, 1998; Gray 1990; Mele, Archer, Pusch, 2005). Early detection of breast cancer is very important to decrease the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer outcome; mammography and breast self examination have been used as strategies for this purpose (Budden, 1998; Gray 1990; Mele, Archer, Pusch, 2005). Moreover there are a number of approaches to the screening of breast cancer such as Breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination and mammography (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006). (I) BSE is effective, cheap and less painful; however, it is dependent on knowledge, attitude towards BSE practice among women. (II) Clinical breast examination is one of the primary modes of screening for breast cancer. Its effectiveness is dep endent upon the skills of the health care providers and the facilities available. (III) Mammography is known to reduce breast cancer mortality among women, but its benefits are dependent upon several factors such as the equipment used, the skills of the technician and it is expensive as well (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006; Budden, 1998; Gray 1990; Mele, Archer, Pusch, 2005). Breast Self examination BSE should be preformed every month starting at age 20 (ACS, 2009). The purpose of BSE is for a woman to learn the natural features of her breast, know how her breasts normally feel, thus easier for her to identify and report any new changes to the physician. (Gray, 1990; Highton, 2002). There is strong evidence that BSE can reduce mortality from breast cancer, around 90% of breast cancer are detected by BSE. (Smith, 2002; Wilson Ayers, 2007). However the studies showed that BSE practice is very low. Therefore women should be aware of BSE tool. Consequently there seems to be general agreement on the importance to empower women with BSE knowledge and skill to promote BSE practice. Several studies have shown that there is a gap in knowledge about BSE and practice among women. (Al Qattan, Alsaleh, Al Musallam, Masoud, 2008; Alkhasawneh, Akhu-Zaheya, Suleiman, 2009; Wilson Ayers, 2007). George (2000) the barrier to breast cancer screening could be classified to personal, caregiver or demographic barriers, personal barriers included attitude and lack of information. At caregiver level, the assumption is lack of knowledge, skills, attitude, and consistency. For demographic it could be related to age, education level or culture. A fear of detecting any lump is also considered one of breast cancer screening barrier. The WHO (2010) suggested that to decrease the incidence of breast cancer in developing countries, breast cancer screening programs should be emphasized. The way this phenomenon is perceived by women influenced by many factors such as womens socio cultural beliefs, values, geographical environment, personal knowledge and so on. Women face many challenges in rural areas which may affect their quality of life. To enhance the quality of life of middle age women in rural areas, it is important to have in depth understanding about their BSE perception. Breast self examination practice Knowledge and practice rate of BSE is varies from one country to another. According to Coleman (1991) around 96% of the American women had heard about BSE, however only 19-40% of them practice BSE every month. In the other hand 37% of the Kuwaiti women are practice BSE (Al Qattan, Al Saleh, Al Musallam Masoud, 2008). In literature review only two studies were founded that were conducted in Egypt about BSE one was on Evaluation of effect of breast self examination training program on knowledge, attitude and practice (Seif Aziz, 2000; p. 105), among 122 worker women in Ain Shams University- Lower Egypt. The result showed that around 25% of the participants have knowledge about breast cancer and BSE, however only 10.6% and 11.5% of the total sample practiced BSE. In addition the participant asserted that caregiver teams have an important role to provide the knowledge, skills and practice about BSE (Seif Aziz). The second study is Breast self-examination practice and its impact on bre ast cancer diagnosis in Alexandria, Egypt (Abdel-Fattah, Zaki, Bassili, El-Shazly, Tognoni, 2000, p.34). The result showed that 10. 4% of breast cancer patient practiced BSE after being diagnosed with breast cancer as study was focused on breast cancer patients, to monitor for spread of the cancer to the unaffected breast (Abdel-Fattah, Zaki, Bassili, El-Shazly, Tognoni, 2000). The gap in the two finding, (I) they focused only on percentage of knowledge and practice of BSE. (II) Both studies recommended follow up for studies to assess BSE knowledge and positive attitude and level of practice among women. (III) There is BSE negative attitude among women (72.1%) without explain the reasons. (IV) Both studies show the importance of attitude and perception of women related to BSE practice. Limitations of the two studies as one published in 2000 and the other one in 2003 and both are quantitative research. Usually people life style knowledge, attitude and behavior changes can be meaningfully captured through qualitative studies. In addition this data could be too old and no longer valid. Most of the studies on this subject were quantitative, and were designed to describe the demographic variables associated with BSE practice, increase the compliance or proficiency of women, or evaluate it as a screening technique. However there were recommendations for further s tudies to explore women beliefs and attitude about BSE. The purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the perception of BSE among middle age women, and explore barriers to practice of BSE among Egyptian women. Furthermore, it will help identify knowledge, skills and practice gaps and recommend strategies to address the gap in BSE. Research Question What is the perception related to knowledge, attitude and practices of middle age women regarding breast self examination in rural areas of Aswan, Egypt? Research objective To explore the perception of middle age women related to breast self examination (BSE). To understand Egyptian womens experience about BSE. To assess BSE knowledge and its sources among middle age women. To assess if nurses teach women in community about BSE. To evaluate whether women practice BSE in rural areas. Significance of Proposed Study to Nursing Incidence of breast cancer has increased and it seems that it will continue to rise, as predicted by scientists, physicians and previous studies. To decrease breast cancer morbidity and mortality rate, early detection is important. BSE is an important tool and should be practice to help in early diagnosis breast cancer. This study will enable researcher to understand perception of BSE among middle age women. Nurses who are working in the hospital or other health institute should be aware of breast cancers knowledge, altitude and practice among women. Hence, help them in early detection and intervention. In addition the findings of this study will enhance awareness among health professionals about BSE perception related to knowledge, practice and attitude among women. It also will provide need to plan intervention program about aware of breast cancers early detection knowledge, altitude and practice. As patient education is an integral component of nursing role. (Saarmann, Daugherty Riegel, 2002). So those who are working in different areas in different status, nurses, health workers, lady health visitor and nurse practitioner should be able to provide health education according to their socio-cultural and arrange sessions on sharing the women experience, perception of BSE and guide in understanding early detection techniques. Moreover can expand the research and may help other in further research if they want to search more information on BSE in relation to specific aspects such as cultural and religion. CHAPTER THREE Methodology Study Design Qualitative descriptive-exploratory design will be used for this study. This design is selected science, little is known about BSE experience among women, as the majority of studies carried out on womens knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to BSE have been quantitative (Kearney, 2006). Which are chiefly designed to describe the demographic variables associated with its practice, increase the compliance or proficiency of women, or evaluate it as a screening technique. According to Polit and Beck (2008) qualitative approach is conducting the study within naturalistic pattern. A qualitative method deals with experiences of human being in real life by exploring it directly. It helps to understand the phenomenon in- deeply, by giving rich and most appropriate information. In addition according to Pope and Mays (1995) suggested that qualitative research helps to understand complex behaviors and attitude. The purpose of exploratory study is to examine a specific concept abo ut which little is known (Burns and Grove, 2007). It emphasizes on identification of factors related to a phenomenon of interest. As this study aims to explore perception related to BES Knowledge, attitude and practice of middle age women in Egypt, therefore, a qualitative exploratory descriptive design is best suited to this study. The purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the perceptionrelated to knowledage , attitude and practice of BSE among middle age women, and explore barriers to practice BSE among Egyptian women. Furthermore, it will help identify knowledge, skills and practice gaps and recommend strategies to address the gap in BSE. Research Question What is the perception related to knowledge, attitude and practices of middle age women regarding Breast self examination in rural areas of Aswan, Egypt? Study Setting and Population Health care clinics in rural areas in Aswan- Egypt will be selected as setting for recruiting participant. The study population would be middle aged (40-60 years) women, coming to the health care clinics. The target population will be all the middle age women who will meet the following inclusion criteria: (I) aged women between 40-60 years. (II) the women who have not been diagnosed with breast cancer. (III) They are living in rural area. (IV) They can speak Arabic or English. (V) They are willing to participate in the study and use audiotape. Women will be excluded if they have any mental illness, as this may affect their judgment, or are not willing to participate in the study. Study Sample and Size The sampling method would be used is purposive sample. This type of sampling is often use by qualitative researcher because the aim is to contact participants who can give in-depth, rich information about the study phenomenon (Polit Beck, 2008). The study samples comprise of 8-12 women who are in middle age or to the point at which data saturation is achieved. Participants Recruitment Health care clinics director, physicians and nurses will be met and discuss about the study and request them to identify potential participants. The women who will come to the health care clinic and who meet the inclusion criteria for the study, nurses will give them invitation and consent letter. The women who will be willing to participate will be asked for informed written and oral consent. Then discuss and agree on the date, time and venue of one to one interview according to the womans convenience. The interview will be held in noise free setting either at health care clinic or at participants house/ convenient place. Data Collection Polit and Beck (2008) Polit study help to assess adequacy of the study and quality of instruments (p. 214). Prior to collecting the data, the pilot testing of interview guide would be done on 1-2 middle age women who would be coming to the health care clinic of Aswan, Egypt, after taking the participants consent. The objectives of Polit study: to evaluate the understanding of the semi structure questions, to assess the comfort level of the women, to identify the amount of time required by the participants and to determine the time of the day that suits best for the interview to be conducted. The data collected from pilot testing will be used as part of the data collection. Data will be collected from April 2011 to June 2011 in Aswan, Egypt. For this study, the data will be collected using semi structured questions to guide an in-depth interview. The time for interview is approximately 50-70 minutes. Individual interview will help to explore individual perception in detail and while maintaining confidentially. It is assumed that the participants may feel more comfortable and free while expressing and sharing their experiences in privacy. Audiotape will be used to record the interview. Notes will be taken for observation made onthings might be relevant to the study, such as participants non verbal communication (facial expressions, posture and other body language). At the end of the session the data will be verified/ cross checked with participants for clarity consistency. After audio taping the interview, the data would be transcribed and will be checked for matching. Interview Process The written consent will be taken from the participants prior to the interview. Interview will be conducted in Arabic as it is participants ease; so the data will be understood well and bias would be reduced in this way. Probes would be used to explore more information and will provide direction to the participant. Field notes will be taken; observation would be noted such as non verbal communication of the patient. Does the non verbal and verbal communication matches or not and observation related to the environment that provides and clue related to the data or experience. The data analysis will be proceeded by guidelines (unrau coleman, 1997) (a) the transcribed interview of the participants will be coded for analyzing data, (b) identifying emerging themes in the data, (c) labeling the themes with significant code words, (d) codes will be clustered and labeled using broader themes and sub themes throughout analytic process, (e) the thematic strands will be weaved together into an i ntegrated picture of phenomena under investigation. Data analysis will be carried out manually. The researcher will read the data over and over in search of meaning and deeper understanding, carefully reading the interviews to obtain a general sense of the experience. Data Analysis Plan Data analysis in qualitative research is actually begins when data collection begins (Polit Beck, 2008) therefore, the researcher will start analyzing the data after taking the first interview. The qualitative data analysis involves four cognitive processes: comprehension- identifying the themes; synthesis- merging of the themes to make a composite pattern; theorizing- connecting the findings with the larger body of knowledge; re-contextualization- applying the findings to other setting or the context in which the findings fit (Morse, 1994). Therefore, these processes will be applied to the data analysis of this study. (a) for analyzing data, the transcribed interview will be coded (b) identifying emerging themes in the data, (c) labeling the themes with significant code words, (d) codes will be clustered and labeled using broader themes and sub themes throughout analytic process, (e) the thematic strands will be weaved together into an integrated picture of phenomena under investig ation. Data analysis will be carried out manually. The researcher will read the data over and over in search of meaning and deeper understanding, carefully reading the interviews to obtain a general sense of the experience. According to Morse and Field (2005), gathering the responses according to the question is a significant procedure for semi structured interviews. Therefore, the researcher will read the transcripts and gather the responses to each question in a separate file. The gathered responses to each question will be organized in a text that will have three columns. The centre column will contain the participants responses, the left column will show the coding and the right column will include my comments and thoughts concerning the text. The qualitative content analysis will be used as analytic method, while for content analysis the form which is referred by Morse and Field (1995) will be utilized. The form divided into manifest and latent content analysis. In manifest analysis, t he researcher search for specific words, phrases or ideas used in the content of interview. In latent analysis, the researcher search for the underlying meaning of the message showed in the text. The latent content analysis has greater validity than manifest analysis as it permits for the coding of the meaning and not just the words of the participants (Morse Field, 1995). Therefore, the researcher will use both analysis methods. For coding, the researcher will reread the text and underline words or phrases and will copy them into the left hand column of the document. At the same time, the researcher also aggregate codes into relevant categories in a separate document. Pseudonyms and identification number to each individual text will be given. The pseudonyms will help to imagine the respondent and to make sense of it, whereas, identification number will facilitate to identify patterns during coding and categorization exercises. The codes with each category will be identified from its origin through identification number. The short form of category will also be assign to a code as well. Each category will be compared and contrast that may help to create sub categories. After sorting the major categories into smaller ones, the researcher will look for atypical and representative cases that will help to explain the significant experience found in the research. The researcher will also look for the relationships among categories to find common themes. The researcher will also refer to the notes that have non verbal expressions of the participants and her own feelings in the analysis process. The researcher will be involving the committee members and supervisor throughout the analysis process. Ethical Considerations The proposal will be sent to the Universitys Ethical review committee (ERC) which will give a written permission for the study. Informed consent and Permission will be obtained from Aswan Directors of Health. The principle of autonomy will be followed which means that Participants will be approached to consent for voluntary participation. Complete information about the study will be provided to the participants. The participant will be informed about the study purpose, risks and benefits of participating. Participants will be approached to consent for voluntary participation and will have freedom to choose or to terminate their participation at any time during the study. No potential physical or psychological harm is expected. Those willing to participate will sign a consent form and a copy of the consent form will be provided to the participants. Confidentiality refers to the researchers assurance to the participants that the shared information will not be publicized (Burkhardt Nat haniel, 2002). Thus, confidentiality in this study will be maintained by not sharing the participants data with any other participant and will be observed throughout the study. Anonymity and confidentially is the key principle to maintain privacy (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2002). The participants identity will not be revealed in the study. Codes will be used instead of the name. The researcher will assure the participants of their confidentiality. The data will not be utilized for any other purpose, there being aneed for secondary analysis of the data permission will be obtained from relevant bodies. This study will help middle age women to verbalize their perceptions, feelings and experience about BSE. Women might get emotionally upset in the process of sharing their experience. In these instances break would be provided during the interview. The researcher will answer all the participants queries in order to provide complete information regarding the study to easy tension and promte c omfort. Rigor Trustworthiness is the term used in the qualitative research to show rigor (Poilt and Beck, 2008). In this study the rigor will be maintained throughout by utilizing Lincoln and Guba (1985) guidelines. Lincoln and Guba identified four criteria for maintaining trustworthiness of a qualitative research (i) credibility, or (Truth value), (ii) dependability, reliability or Auditability, (iii) confirmability or Neutrality, and (iv) Transferability, Fittingness. The research will be described clearly; the procedures will be used to ensure that the data will be recorded accurately. The researcher will ensure that findings and the themes will be logical and reflective of the data. Credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability will be maintained. Credibility Lincoln and Guba (1985) credibility presented such faithful descriptions or interpretations of a human experience that the people having that experience would immediately recognize it . . . (p. 30). Also when others can recognize the experience by reading about it. To confirm the credibility of the findings, the researcher will share the outcomes with women, who recognized the findings and conformed that they were true to their experiences and perception, this establishes the credibility. One technique to improve credibility is to give out sufficient time for data collection activities to gain an in-depth understanding of the individuals experience. Dependability/ Auditability it could be maintained when another researcher can clearly follow the decision trail used by the investigator. In addition, another researcher could arrive at the same or comparable but not contradictory conclusions given the researchers data, perspective, and situation.To provide dependability, the researcher applied and recorded the audit trial. Lincoln and Guba (1985), state, Conformability is termed as a process to provide the study records in order to maintain the objectivity; and to verify the quality and adequacy of the results and interpretation. (Lincoln Guba, 1985).In this study the audit trail and research plan will be shared with the thesis supervisor and to the committee members so that they would verify its dependability. Dependability relies on three factors and should be ensured by the researcher: the sample size, the analysis approach, and the dissemination of the research result. The sample size will be sufficient for the research design as the researcher will achi eved saturation, and the researcher plans to disseminate the study findings through publication of articles and presentations at the national and international level. Conformability when auditability, fittingness, and credibility have been established by an audit trail, conformability could be achieved. Audit trail consist of raw data, memos, communications, records of gestures, etc. the researcher applied an audit trail to meet these conditions by constructing and maintaining a record of unrefined data, data reduction and reconstruction, synthesis products and consequent analysis (Lincoln Guba, 1985). Transferability It will be achieved when study findings fit into contexts outside the study situation and when the audience views the findings as meaningful and transferable to the rest of the potential users. Lincoln and Guba (1985) termed transferability as the way of presenting adequate data such that external conclusions may be made about the findings. These in-depth interviews, with rich descriptions about menopause experience allow the readers to decide about its transferability. Through rich and extensive description, the researcher will provide with in-depth information about the contexts, the data, and the participants. Limitations Limitations of the study includes: (I) the data collection plan is limited to three months only as it is a part of masters programme that may affect the quality of the study. (II) The researchers own experiences and opinion there is a chance of biasness. (III) The transferability of the study findings will be limited to Aswans population; as each community has specific culture. (IV) Because of the culture and the topic some of the participant will not share full information about their experience. Finding Dissemination Plan Results will be presented to nurses and nurse leaders of Aswan Directors of Health. The researcher will give recommendations and will work with Aswan nurse and their leaders to achieve the recommendations. The study will be presented at national scientific conferences and seminars, as well as published in local and international journal. References Abdel-Fattah, M., Zaki, A., Bassili, A., El-Shazly, M., Tognoni, G. (2000). Breast self- examination practice and its impact on breast cancer diagnosis in Alexandria, Egypt. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 6(1), 34-40. Al Qattan, M. M., Al Saleh, K. A., AlMusallam, S. S., Masoud, G. M. (2008). Knowledge and factors affecting breast self examination among Kuwaiti women. Kuwait Medical Journal, 40 (2), 103-110. Alkhasawneh, I. M., Akhu-Zaheya, L. M

Madness in King Lear: Act 4 Essay -- essays research papers

Madness in King Lear: Act 4 In Shakespeare's play King Lear, Shakespeare introduces many themes. The most important theme shown in King Lear is the theme of madness. During the course of this play madness is shown in the tragic hero, King Lear. King Lear develops madness right in the beginning of the play but he actually shows it in Act 4. In this act, King Lear is not only at the peak of madness but it is also shown him coming out of his madness as well. This act is likely to be the most important act because it shows the phases King Lear goes through, from complete madness to him coming out of his madness and realizing his mistake, the point of tragic vision. The theme of madness in King Lear is first shown in the act through Cordelia's statement to the guards about the condition her father is in. Cordelia says "Alack, 'tis he! Why, he was met even now as mad as the vexed sea, singing aloud, crowned with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds, with hardocks, hemlock, nettles, cuckoo-flowers, darnel, and all the idle weeds that grow in our sustaining corn." [Act iv, iv, 1-6]. This gives a great description of King Lear's state of mind. Cordelia gives a description of King Lear dressed in flowers, and weeds, and she explains to the guards that he is singing aloud. All of these characteristics are unfit for a king, thus, leaving one reasonable explanation of him being mad, which Cordelia states in her speech to the guards. King Lear's madness is further illustrated in act 4,...

Response To Intervention Essay -- Educational Issues, NCLB, teaching

RTI, is an acronym that has become commonly used in education after No Child Left Behind was implemented, but what does that acronym mean? Brown-Chidsey and Steege quoted Dave Tilly, a school psychologist, as saying that RTI actually means â€Å"really terrific instruction!† RTI is defined differently in different states. Some would argue it is Response to Intervention, while others say that it means Response to Instruction. Brown-Chidsey and Steege state that whether you say intervention or instruction, it does not matter; the importance is that teachers use scientific based teaching that responds to students’ learning. There are several benefits of RTI. First, according to the Nebraska RTI website, research states that struggling readers have a higher risk of academic failure and school dropout. With RTI, readers who are at risk of reading difficulties can be identified early and when provided intervention can catch up with grade level classmates. Second, teachers no longer have to wait for students to fail before interventions can begin. RTI provides a consistent model and procedures to make data driven team based educational decisions for all students. Starting the general education classroom, the first indication that a student is not performing at grade level in an academic area, a research based intervention is provided. With data from progress monitoring, and based on IDEA 2004, data from RTI may be used as part of the comprehensive evaluation for special education eligibility. Third, RTI can be set up by district. The district can determine appropriate assessments, curriculum and interventions that meet their needs, as long as they follow the model. According to the RTI Nebraska website, even though some... ...e of students. Works Cited Brown-Chidsey, R., & Steege, M. W. (2010). Response to Intervention: Principles and Strategies for Effective Practice (2nd edition ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. National Center on Response to Intervention. (n.d.). National Center on Response to Intervention Retrieved November 11, 2011 from http://www.rti4success.org Nebraska RtI Implementation & Support Team. (n.d.). Nebraska RtI Implementation & Support Team. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://rtinebraska.unl.edu Response to Intervention - Educational Service Unit 10. (n.d.). Welcome - Educational Service Unit 10. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://www.esu10.org/programs-services/teaching-learning/rti Response to Intervention. (n.d.). Nebraska Department of Education | NDE. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://www.education.ne.gov/RTI/index.html

Cleopatra

She remained In power while constantly straggling with a brother or sister and keeping alliances with Rome at the same time. She held her own even when the first Roman Emperor was coming against her. Her fatal mistake was that she reached too far. She tried to become the ruler of the attention world, along with her lover and her children. Rome just didn't let that happen†¦ Firstly, Cleopatra family may have ruled Egypt, but they were Greek. Cleopatra was the first of her family to learn native Egyptian – bearing in mind her family ruled Egypt for 300 years.She also closely associated herself with the Egyptian goddess, Sis's. This would indicate she had a respect for the people she ruled and understood the importance of being able to relate to them. Therefore she was popular among Egyptians. Her father had a catastrophic reign and when he died, she squabbled with her siblings over who would rule Egypt. She cleverly maneuvered herself Into a good political position – marrying her brother to 1 . )keep her brother's supporters happy, 2. ) keep the Egyptians happy she was going along with tradition and upholding her father's will 3. Pep any male, who opposed female rule, happy. More importantly, she allied herself with Caesar and sealed the deal by producing a son. She gradually edged her brothers out of the picture over time, so much so that it was barely noticed. Rome was of course, the biggest power in the Mediterranean and arguably, the world, at that time. By attaching herself as the consort of It's biggest leader she was gaining the Roman empire as an ally and securing the Roman army. In return, Caesar was gaining the support and wealth of Egypt – It Is Important to note that Egypt effectively fed Rome and was extremely wealthy.We can't know for sure If this was a love match, but It was definitely two political giants Joggling together as equals, when nearly all of Room's allies were subjects paying tribute. When Caesar was killed une xpectedly, Cleopatra was left in both a bad and good position – she made sure everyone was aware she considered her son by Caesar as an heir to Rome. This put her son in a dangerous position, which would later backfire. In a dangerous move, Cleopatra again allied herself with a Roman politicians Anthony.The Roman people increasingly began to see her as a threat to their public – They were very much against Kings and Anthony was effectively King of Egypt. Furthermore, he rejected his Roman wife to be with Cleopatra. This turned Rome against him and Octavia began to establish himself as emperor and true heir to the now deified Julius Caesar. Cleopatra attempt to get a foothold In Roman politics began to backfire on her – her son was now a very real threat to Octavia (later Augustus) Rome needed Egypt around. So in a way she was a good leader, bonding with her people and she showed great political astuteness.However her ambition arguably led to her downfall  œ No doubt you know what append – Anthony and Cleopatra lost against Octavia and her son was killed. She may have understood her own people, but she couldn't have understood Romans very well – she should have known they would never accept her as a consort of Antimony's (Their marriage wasn't recognized in Roman law) that they would never accept her son as a leader Illus Caesar himself knew this and in his will dictated Octavia as his heir), and she should have known the idea of kingship was abhorrent to them. Http://www. Smithsonian. Com/history/who-was-Cleopatra-1513560131? Noise= Cleopatra In the ancient world, male dominated societies, known as patriarchy, prevailed. Men occupied roles of supremacy and power. Those few women, who did succeed In gaining positions of power, marked their place In history. Most notable among them were Hatchets (1508 – 1458 BC), Cleopatra (69 – 30 BC) and Grapping (1 5 – 59 AD). Hatchets was one of the most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an Egyptian dynasty. Cleopatra was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty and was the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Grapping was a Roman Empress who was once the most powerful woman in Roman Empire.Each had to overcome ingrained prejudices and faced barriers that their male counterparts did not. Their strategies for gaining power in a world of men varied but they were clever, resourceful, ruthless and ambitious. They effectively used the power that men held to their own advantage. Cleopatra was portrayed as a great beauty, who very strategically formed success ful liaisons with men of power, which was a contributing factor for achieving the power she sought. Cleopatra has been a topic of interest throughout history and is seen as a woman of mystery.By all accounts she was an alluring woman who used this to her advantage. Cassias Did, a source of primary evidence and Roman consul of the 1st century AD, wrote, â€Å"She was a woman of surpassing beauty She possessed a most charming voice and knowledge of how to make herself agreeable to everyone† (peg. 42) Plutarch, Greek historian as well as biographer of Roman Emperors reiterates Cassias Ids view on Cleopatra In 75 AD in ‘Life of Antonym (a secondary source), where he wrote â€Å"her beauty, as we are told, was in itself neither altogether incomparable, nor such as to strike those who saw her†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ What ultimately made Cleopatra attractive were her wit, charm and sweetness in the tones of her voice. † (peg. 27) Accounts of Cleopatra also typically present her u sing her charms to influence the most powerful men in the western world. Plutarch writes, for example, that she had â€Å"The power to subjugate everyone, even a love-sated man already past his prime†, Of Caesar conquest of Egypt he wrote, â€Å"Caesar overcame Egypt. He did not, however, make It subject to the Romans, but bestowed it upon Cleopatra, for whose sake he had waged the conflict. (peg. 42-55) powerful men, namely Julius Caesar and Marc Anthony, in times of the supremacy of en, and when the glory of Rome was paramount, that she is characterized in this sexist way as a bewitching beauty by Cassias Did, a Roman official and this is reaffirmed in Plutarch account. In both ancient and modern sources there are sources that represent the ruthlessness of Cleopatra in her pursuit of power. ‘Ptolemy XIV, written by Professor Mallow H.Smith (2008) from Rutgers University and the BBC show ‘Cleopatra: Portrait of a Killer' (2009), reveal the darker side of Cleopat ra. Revelations made include assertions that Cleopatra had Mark Antonym execute her sister Orisons on the tepees of the temple of Artemisia, a violation of the temple sanctuary and an act which scandals Rome. Furthermore, claims are made that Cleopatra had Ptolemy XIV (her second youngest brother and co-ruler as well as husband), poisoned in order to proclaim, Ptolemy XV (Cleopatra son with Caesar), as co-ruler.Although these accounts in the large are not fully substantiated in primary sources, where these incidences are shrouded in mystery and contradiction, they point to a certain brutality in her pursuit of power and provide support for those who would portray her as an evil queen. Cleopatra was more aligned with a Bewitching Beauty rather than an Evil Queen of the East. Certainly she was a woman of considerable allure who was able to use her looks and considerable wits to charm men who would be of use to her.However, rather than bemuse and bewitch, which implies that she was abl e to control people through supernatural means, she was a clever and strategic woman. She was certainly ruthless in her pursuit of power and most probably did perpetrate quite evil acts. According to Cassias Did, ‘In view of Career's favor there was nothing that she could not do. ‘ (peg. 44) To call re evil however, is to discount the times in which she lived where such violence in the pursuit of power was not uncommon. Leadership in Egypt and Rome, for example, was often changed by murder or mysterious disappearances.Caligula or more commonly known as Gauss was a Roman Emperor, is an example of this as he had those he saw as a possible threat executed (Caligula: Gauss Julius Caesar Augustus Germanic). Such men who have performed such acts have in large escaped the label of ‘evil'. Cleopatra actions therefore need to be regarded in this context and her considerable achievements in the face of significant gender barriers even the credit they deserve. Cleopatra and o ther women of power in the ancient world have been reduced to stereotypes because of male bias and patriarchy.The patriarchal nature of the ancient world meant that roles were clearly defined on the basis of gender and women had little access to power in their own right which explains why there were so hard, and within the system of male domination, to Justify their positions. In such a world, extreme positions were taken on these women that helped to explain such anomalies. In turn, scholars today are at the mercy of the sources written by men and influenced by the times in which they lived, which fall into these extreme positions.These stereotypical representations of Cleopatra have persisted and perhaps have even been exaggerated in the name of entertainment to dramatist the truth to appeal to audiences in the mane of entertainment. In many stories, movies and other interpretations of Cleopatra such as Shakespearean play; ‘Antonym and Cleopatra'(1607), Cleopatra is frequent ly portrayed as vain and theatrical. In the more recent film ‘Cleopatra' (1963) directed by Joseph L. Mackenzie, she is portrayed as exotic, luxurious and manipulative.However, taking such stereotypical positions does not help to understand the complex woman that Cleopatra must have been, to have reached such heights of power. Women who became leaders in the ancient world experienced particular difficulties in their quest for power as they contested conventional ideas and standards of the time regarding the traditional role of women. To succeed in a world dominated by men they needed to be clever, resourceful, ruthless and ambitious. Cleopatra was all these things, and like other women of note in these times, effectively utilized the power that men held for her ascendancy into the very echelons of power.

Business: Management and Entire Selection Process

Evaluate the entire selection process for the position. Judge whether mistakes were made and discuss what could have been done differently. When I start evaluating the entire selection process, I have to start with the assessment process. The first thing that catches my attention is the fact that three of the four interviewers are men. As a woman interviewing for a job, I would be a little intimated being questioned by three men and one female. I would feel more comfortable being interviewed by a panel that was made up of two men and two women. I also think that the interview panel should have been set up to objectively view the candidate’s best and worst qualities for the position. Also, during the assessment process, I noticed that the only questions that made her feel uncomfortable were the questions that came from the men. I can see why she was feeling uncomfortable; it seemed to me like they were trying to bully her into reconsidering continuing the interview process. I think that some of the line of questioning was a little apprehensive. If I was her, I would probably feel the same way that she does. In the role playing exercise, I believe that she was set up to fail. I think that they totally sabotaged this part of the interview. George Montgomery did not have any confidence in her and he wanted to prove that she did not have what it takes to be a successful manager. He knew that if he did not cooperate with her, she would not be able to demonstrate her leadership, managerial, decision making or disciplinary skills. I do not think that it was professional for him to portray such an unrealistic character. I think that he wanted to show that she was weak and did not have what it took to be a successful manager. I think that they-the men-already knew who they wanted to hire before Jane’s interview. I am sure that was a very humiliating and â€Å"To Be Or Not To Be Promoted? †3 dehumanizing experience for her. The worst part of it was the fact that she still has to face the people on the interview committee day in and day out. Compare and contrast Joe’s, Jane’s, and Matt’s candidacy based on what you know about them. If you were the hiring manager and the final decision were yours to make, whom would you hire? Provide a persuasive rationale for your choice. Due to the fact that no information was given about Joe or Matt’s candidacy, I do not see how a competent answer can be provided for this question. The only information that was provided was about Jane. I am not able to provide a rationale decision about who I feel is most qualified to assume the role of Marketing Director, due to the fact that I do not know how any of their interviewers went. But if I had to make an assumption about who I would hire, I would hire Jane. I think that she handled herself very well under pressure despite the demanding line of questioning that some of the members of the members of the senior staff asked. I would also hire Jane because she has already proven that she is an effective leader in the organization.Business Management Study Guide She has worked her way up in the ranks and has tackled some pretty tough assignments. She is a dedicated employee and would be a great role model and leader for the organization. If you were advising each of the three final candidates for the position before the interview and before the offer was made to Joe, explain what you would advise each of them to do. Speculate about what you would say to each of them after the offer was made to Joe. I would advise each of them to practice their interview. Since they all work for the company, they should all have an idea of what the interview process should consist of. I would â€Å"To Be Or Not To Be Promoted? †4 also tell them to review the job description and make sure that they fully understand the requirements and qualifications. I would advise each of them to go in and be confident and do their best. Staying calm and composed is always good pre interview advice. Also by staying calm in a tense situation will show the panel that you can handle those types of environments. I would also tell them to show what they know about the position and convince the panel that they are the best person in the job. One of the most important things is to be on time for your interview and always dress for success. Be prepared and showcase your confidence. Even though this is an in house interview, I would also encourage each one of the potential candidates to follow up after the interview. Once the offer was made, I would reassure each of them that they did a great job during the interview and not to get discouraged because they were not chosen. I would advise them to offer assistance to Joe as he transitions to his new role and offer him a helping hand. I would advise against trying to find out why they are not selected for the position, due to the fact they do not want to hinder being selected for any other positions that may come available in the near future. Based on what you know about George Montgomery, assess his management style and describe what bearing it may have had on his selection of Joe. Based on what I know about George Montgomery, he kind of comes across as a prick. I see him as being this old guy who was introduced in the business world when it was predominately dominated by men. I do not think that he has any respect for women. I do not think that he feels like a woman deserves to be in a senior management level position. Joe may â€Å"To Be Or Not To Be Promoted? †5 be a lot like him which could have had some influence on the decision to hire him. I am sure that since they work together and have had many conversations about male and female roles in business. I am sure that there has been some office talk about expectations of the new project manager. I do not think that if all three of the candidates were from outside of the organization, the playing field would have been leveled out some. If you were Joe, the selected candidate, propose what you would do to ease any ill feelings with Jane and Matt. If I was Joe, I would offer a helping hand to Jane and Matt. I would try to help them out as much as possible and even recruit them to help me on special assignments. I do not think that it would be wise for Joe to rub the new position in their faces or make them feel interior to me because I was chosen for the job. I may even set some time aside to chit chat with them just to make sure that there are no ill feelings.

Flexible Learning Essay

Education is a broadly debated topic, now there is a new concept emerging, ’flexible learning’. This essay will discuss what is understood by this term and how it could affect the way of the future in education. Furthermore it will discuss how flexible learning has engaged technology and how it has made education more accessible and equitable. Next it will demonstrate how individual students have benefited through the use of technology with flexible learning, and how students are able to be the central focus of their own education. Technology brings with it many advantages for the future of education, however not without some setbacks, this essay will also discuss these. This essay will argue that because of the increasing accessibility and improvements in technology, flexible learning should be the way of the future in education. Flexible learning is quickly becoming the way of the future for education, as it engages and implements the use of sophisticated technology. According to George and Luke (cited in Andrews & Ferman 2001) flexible learning is a multi-directional approach to learning using different methods of delivery. On the other hand, Nunan (cited in Andrews & Ferman 2001, p. 2) considers that ‘flexible delivery is often taken to mean the same thing as increasing flexibility in learning’. Summarising Harmes (2010) explains flexible learning engages technology, allowing the use of the internet, e-mail, and other digital interactive technology. It also allows the student to freely access online lectures and study material and more importantly it enables teachers to position the student as the central focus of the learning experience. This can be seen at universities including the relatively new University of Queensland campus at Ipswich who are using technology to promote flexible learning. It was in fact the purpose built with this in mind; and included computer rooms, a self-directed learning centre and even wireless laptops (Andrews&Ferman 2001). Another example of flexible learning is discussed by Huijser, Bedford and Bull (2008) who describe the Tertiary Preparation Program (TPP); this is a course which is accessed online and on-campus. TPP students can engage in online lectures, Wimba classrooms and forums, study material can also be submitted online and feedback returned to student, again online. Using technology students have engaged in flexible learning all over Australia, including international students. Furthermore TPP is currently funded by the government making it free; this allows students to prepare for higher study prior to investment. The outcome of this should be a higher intake of fee paying students, which in turn should lead to increased government funding for universities. Flexible learning through technology has made education more accessible and therefore equitable. Harmes (2010) discusses how the internet has increased the number of students to able to study degrees through online study material and lectures. As a result of technological advances the world has become a â€Å"global village â€Å"and students can participate in a global classroom. Worldwide opportunities using technology and flexible learning should be funded locally (Zhao 2009). Ultimately this will enable there to be proximity through distance, and will allow students to study anytime and anywhere, thus making education more equitable explains Harmes (2010). There are students from as far away as remote Western Australia studying through the University of Southern Queensland (USQ). They are able to access all the lectures and tutorials online, and USQ plans to offer many more academic programs online by 2012 (The Chronicle 2009). ‘Technology is the tool used to provide a facility for a teacher facilitated, learner centred environment’ (Bonanno, 2005). It is only through the many improvements and advances in technology that education has been so accessible and with it flexible learning has been implemented. Flexible learning has made education more accessible because, study is teacher facilitated and enables the student to be positioned as the central focus of education. According to Harmes there are many benefits of flexible learning, students are able to access their study any time they like, and this means that they are able to co-ordinate study around work and family life. The flexibility that technology provides has enabled students to study at their own pace (Andrews Ferman, 2001). Additionally students have a sense of freedom with their study, slotting it in whenever they please. Knowles (cited in Choy and Delahaye 2002) researched how adult learners are more likely to be motivated and experienced in life, and that they are ready to embrace learning with deeper appreciation and understanding. Knowles (1973) continues by discussing how this self-driven learning is assisted through flexible delivery and how students benefit from a mature independent approach to education with the option for teacher help when needed. As a result of this Bonanno suggests that with good self-discipline and time management students are able to have freedom and access to study anytime and place, thus enabling many styles of learning. Technology has increased the flexibility that students have, thus allowing greater access to education. Despite the fact that education has embraced technology, there are still some problems which must be resolved. According to Ralston (1999) it appears that although many have embraced technology for learning, there are still many who are either too afraid to or do not have the skills and confidence to do so. Furthermore he suggests that that those who do not attempt to engage technology will be severely disadvantaged, because the twenty-first century is the age of technology. Andrews and Ferman (2000) noted on their study of the University of Queensland, -Ipswich campus that many students found the course material limited, that there was a lack of structure, and there were also a significant number of technical difficulties. Additionally Bonanno (2005) discusses some of the disadvantages of technology and states that the learner can easily lose motivation partly due to a lack of classroom spirit and teacher facilitated learning. Technology can be out of date or difficult to understand and often it can be confusing and sometimes it can just be that there is no technical support available. Bonanno’s (2005) comments that many problems occurring are learner related and that in order to be successful the learner must be self-motivated and have a reasonable degree of self-competency. She also comments that the facilitator or teacher must be motivated as well and be able to produce engaging study material for the student to work with; they must also be able to direct, listen and support students. Despite some complications, changes in technology help to make sure education is more accessible and equitable. Universities are able to capture larger numbers of students enabling more funding from the government. Students are able to be in control of their own education pathway and are able to be flexible about when and where they choose to study. Students can also choose to study gregariously in online classrooms and even traditional classrooms. Problematic areas will in time be improved as technology upgrades on a daily basis; including faster internet options. With this evolving technology people’s knowledge and experience will increase and in time student numbers and study options will grow. It is realistic that flexible learning will be and indeed should be the way of the future in education and that there will be a worldwide classroom.